Adenoma hepatocelular con captación de 18 flúor deoxiglucosa en PET-TC SCAN. Una "mini-review" e informe de un nuevo caso / 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose uptake on PET-CT in hepatocellular adenoma. A mini review with a new case Report

RESUMEN La captación de 18 FDG en PET-TC por un adenoma hepatocelular (HCA) es poco frecuente. Esta situación genera dudas en cuanto a los diagnósticos diferenciales y tratamiento. El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar una mini revisión de los últimos 37 años de HCA con avidez por el 18FDG y presentar un nuevo caso. Sobre la base de un estudio realizado por otros autores entre 1984 y 2014, se amplía la búsqueda utilizando las mismas palabras clave hasta el año 2021. Se analizan los datos relevantes. Entre 1984 y 2021 detectamos 38 casos en 37 años. Fue más frecuente en mujeres en edad reproductiva. Los subtipos H-HCA e I-HCA fueron los más frecuentes. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue el más empleado. La diferenciación celular y los trastornos metabólicos de la glucosa y de los lípidos favorecerían la captación de 18FDG. La resección hepática ofrecería mayores garantías permitiendo el estudio completo de la lesión.

ABSTRACT Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) uptake of 18FDG uptake on PET-CT is rare. This situation poses doubts about the differential diagnoses and treatment. The aim of this article is to perform a mini review of 18FDG avid HCA over the past 37 years and to describe a new case presentation. Based on a study conducted by other authors between 1984 and 2014, we extended the search until 2021 using the same keywords. The relevant data were analyzed. Between 1984 and 2021 we detected 38 cases in 37 years. HCAs were more common in women of childbearing age. The most common types were H-HCA an I-HCA. Surgical resection was the treatment most used. Cell differentiation and glucose and lipid metabolic diseases would favor 18FDG uptake. Liver resection provides better outcomes, allowing for a complete examination of the lesion.

Aplicación de modelos 3D en cirugía hepática / Implementation of three-dimensional printed models in hepatic surgery

RESUMEN La impresión de modelos tridimensionales (M3D) implica obtener una estructura sólida y formada a partir de un modelo digital. Para la reconstrucción 3D se utilizó tomografía computarizada contrastada, realizándose impresión de modelos sobre la base de las principales estructuras anatómicas hepáticas. Se utilizaron M3D en dos pacientes con indicación quirúrgica, una mujer con trombocitopenia familiar y metástasis hepática de adenocarcinoma rectal, sin respuesta a quimioterapia, y un hombre con hepatopatía infecciosa crónica y diagnóstico de carcinoma hepatocelular. La aplicación de M3D resultó de gran utilidad, pues permitió un mejor entendimiento de la relación espacial de las estructuras anatómicas en ambos casos. En nuestra experiencia, la aplicación de M3D fue muy útil para planificar la cirugía y dar una aproximación más certera de los reparos anatómicos. El modelo se obtuvo en 7 días y costó 380 dólares, un valor elevado para nuestro medio.

ABSTRACT Three-dimensional (3D) printing is the construction of a solid structure from a digital model. 3D reconstruction was performed using contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan, and 3D-printed models were built based on the main anatomic structures of the liver. 3D-printed models were used in two patients with indication of surgery; one woman with inherited thrombocytopenia and liver metastases from colorectal adenocarcinoma with no response to chemotherapy, and one man with chronic liver infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. The implementation of 3D printing technology was very useful, as it facilitated the understanding of the spatial relationships among the anatomical structures in both cases. In our experience, the use of 3D-printed models was very useful for preoperative planning and for understanding the anatomic landmarks. The model was built in 7 days, with a cost of 380 dollars which is elevated in our environment.

Dilataciones quísticas congénitas de las vías biliares (segunda parte). Vías biliares extrahepáticas / Congenital bile duct cystic dilatations (part 2). Extrahepatic bile ducts

RESUMEN Las dilataciones quísticas congénitas de la vía biliar extrahepática son infrecuentes, principalmente en Occidente, y afectan sobre todo a niños pero son poco comunes en adultos. El diagnóstico requiere un alto índice de sospecha y suele llevarse a cabo con estudios colangiográficos de los cuales la CRMN es, en la actualidad, el de mayor utilidad. Es conocido el aumento de malignización de estas dilataciones, por lo que el tratamiento completo de la bolsa quística es obligatorio.

ABSTRACT Congenital dilatation of extrahepatic bile ducts is rare in the Western countries and is more common in children than in adults. The diagnosis requires high level of suspicion and is made by cholangiography tests, among which MRCP is the most useful nowadays. Malignant transformation of these cystic dilatations is well-known; therefore, complete resection of the cystic pouch is mandatory.

Is the anatomical sequence of gastric and biliary anastomosis in the pancreatoduodenectomy reconstruction the cause of an increase in the incidence of cholangitis? a technical variant presentation and initial results / A sequência anatômica da anastomose gástrica e biliar na reconstrução da pancreatoduodenectomia é a causa de aumento da incidência de colangite? apresentação de variante técnica e resultados iniciais

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Several methods have been proposed for the reconstruction of digestive transit after pancreatoduodenectomy. Biliary anastomosis positioned before gastric anastomosis helps reduce postoperative reflux and cholangitis. AIMS: The objective of this study was to present the anatomical sequence of gastric and biliary continuity after pancreatoduodenectomy in patients with pancreatic tumor and to evaluate the short- and long-term results in an initial series of cases. METHODS: Two techniques were used: one with Roux-en-Y reconstruction and pancreaticojejunostomy and the other with a single jejunal loop and pancreatogastroanastomosis. In both the cases, the gastric anastomosis was placed performed before the biliary one. An analysis of demographic data, Wirsung's duct and common bile duct dilatation, the use of percutaneous drainage, and postoperative complications was carried out. RESULTS: A total of seven patients (four men and three women), with a mean age of 62 years, underwent surgery. All cases had Wirsung's duct and common bile duct dilatation. A percutaneous external biliary drainage was performed in four patients. There were three postoperative complications: one related to delayed gastric emptying and two related to wound infections. During a median follow-up of 12 months, no episode of cholangitis was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated percentages of cholangitis are reported in different reconstructions after pancreatoduodenectomy, and it is difficult to conclude reflux as the main etiology. The proposed gastric and biliary reconstructions show conforming results, facilitating posterior endoscopic access. Late follow-up and large number of cases may help assess whether the etiology of postoperative cholangitis is reflux or other factors unrelated to the order of the anastomoses.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: Múltiplas são as propostas de reconstrução do trânsito digestivo após as pancreadoduodenectomias. A anastomoses biliar posicionada antes da anastomose gástrica oferece argumentos de evitar refluxo e colangite pós-operatória. OBJETIVOS: apresentar a técnica de continuidade gástrica e biliar com sequência anatômica após pancreatoduodenectomia em portadores de adenocarcinoma de pâncreas e avaliar os resultados em uma série inicial de casos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas duas técnicas, uma com reconstrução em Y de Roux e pancreaticojejunostomia e outra com alça única de jejuno e pancreatogastroanastomose. Em ambos, a anastomose gástrica foi colocada antes da biliar. E análise de dados demográficos, dilatação do ducto de Wirsung e ducto biliar comum, uso de drenagem percutânea e complicações pós-operatórias. RESULTADOS: Foram operados 7 doentes: 4 homens e 3 mulheres, com média de idade de 62 anos. Todos os casos apresentavam dilatação do ducto de Wirsung e ducto biliar comum. Em 4 dos casos foi realizada drenagem biliar externa percutânea. Ocorreram 3 complicações pós-operatórias, 1 esvaziamento gástrico retardado e 2 infecções de ferida operatória. Durante o acompanhamento médio de 12 meses, não foram registrados episódios de colangite. CONCLUSÕES: Porcentagens elevadas de colangite são relatadas nas diferentes reconstruções após pancreatodudenectomias, sendo difícil atribuir de forma absoluta o refluxo como a principal etiologia. As reconstruções gástrica e biliar propostas são mais harmoniosas, além de facilitar o acesso endoscópico posterior. Seguimento tardio e número maior de casos, pode esclarecer se a etiologia da colangite pós-operatória pode ser o refluxo ou a outros fatores não relacionados à ordem das anastomoses.

Dilataciones quísticas congénitas de las vías biliares (primera parte). Vías biliares intrahepáticas / Congenital bile duct cystic dilatation (part 1). Intrahepatic bile ducts

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Caroli es una enfermedad infrecuente que requiere un alto índice de sospecha para su diagnóstico. Puede afectar un segmento hepático, un lóbulo o todo el hígado; suele generar episodios repetidos de colangitis. Existe una amplia gama de propuestas terapéuticas que oscilan desde el tratamiento médico hasta el trasplante de hígado. En este trabajo presentamos 3 casos, realizamos una revisión de la literatura y proponemos una ampliación de la clasificación de Alonso-Lej modificada por Todani que, a nuestra manera de ver, tiene implicaciones a la hora de seleccionar un tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Caroli's disease is a rare condition, and its diagnosis requires high level of suspicion. The disease may affect one segment, one lobe or the entire liver, and may result in repeated episodes of cholangitis. The disease can be managed using different therapeutic approaches ranging from medical treatment to liver transplantation. In this paper we report 3 cases with review of the literature and propose a modification of the classification by Alonso-Lej modified by Todani which we believe may be useful to guide treatment.

Íleo biliar. Una entidad que perdura en el tiempo / Gallstone ileus: A condition that persists over time

RESUMEN Antecedentes: se define como íleo biliar (IB) la obstrucción mecánica del tubo digestivo por la presencia de uno o más litos biliares. La fisiopatogenia responde a una fístula colecistoduodenal. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo- retrospectivo entre diciembre de 2017 y enero de 2020 que incluyó 5 casos de IB. Se analizaron: sexo, edad, presentación clínica, utilidad de tomografía computarizada (TC), abordaje y conducta quirúrgica, cirujano actuante, localización de obstrucción, tamaño del lito y mortalidad. Resultados: analizamos 5 pacientes con IB y edad promedio de 66 años. En 4 objetivamos abdomen oclusivo y en uno perforativo. En todos los pacientes se realizó tomografía y el abordaje fue la laparotomía. Se optó por enterolitotomía en 4 y resección intestinal en uno. Hubo un deceso. Conclusión: el IB es un cuadro poco frecuente e insospechado, que predomina en mujeres. La tomografía es el estudio de referencia (gold standard). Factores inherentes al paciente y al equipo tratante determinan el abordaje y la conducta quirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Background: Gallstone ileus is defined as a mechanical obstruction due to impaction of one or more gallstones within the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis is due to the presence of a cholecystoduodenal fistula. Material and methods: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study of five cases of gallbladder ileus between December 2017 and January 2020. Sex, age, clinical presentation, usefulness of computed tomography scan, surgical approach and treatment, surgeon, site of obstruction, gallstone size and mortality were analyzed. Results: A total of five patients were included; mean age was 66 years. Four patients presented bowel obstruction and one patient had bowel perforation. All the patients underwent computed tomography scan and laparotomy. Enterolithotomy was performed in four patients and one patient underwent bowel resection. One patient died. Conclusion: Gallstone ileus is a rare condition more likely to affect women. Computed tomography scan is the gold standard method for the diagnosis. The surgical approach and strategy will depend on patient-related factors and on the experience of the surgical team.

Resultados de la aplicación de un programa Enhanced Recovery (ERP) en resecciones hepáticas abiertas / Results of the implementation of an enhanced recovery program (ERP) in open liver resections

Antecedentes: los programas fast-track en cirugía hepática muestran ventajas con respecto al manejo perioperatorio tradicional al favorecer principalmente una disminución de la estancia hospitalaria y, por ende, de los costos hospitalarios. Material y métodos: en un estudio observacional y descriptivo se analizan resecciones hepáticas abiertas dentro de un programa de recuperación rápida, haciendo especial hincapié en la adherencia a este, la recuperación total de los enfermos, la morbilidad y la estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: se realizaron 32 hepatectomías en 30 pacientes, 27 de los cuales fueron oncológicos. La adherencia al programa utilizado fue del 78,1% y la recuperación total al momento del alta del 75%. La morbilidad fue del 12,5% y las complicaciones fueron de baja complejidad, aunque 2 pacientes necesitaron reingresar. La estancia hospitalaria tuvo una media de 3,4 días y, sumando los reingresos, de 3,6 días. Conclusión: la aplicación de un ERP en cirugía hepática no solo es factible sino trae aparejada como principal beneficio una disminución en la estancia hospitalaria y, por ende, de los costos. Pero no estamos convencidos de que un ERP mejore la morbilidad de los pacientes.

Background: Background: Fast-track programs in liver surgery offer advantages over traditional perioperative management, particularly in terms of reducing length of hospital stay and hospital costs. Material and methods: We conducted an observational and descriptive analysis of patients undergoing open liver resections as part of an enhanced recovery program. Adherence to the program, full recovery of the patients, complications and length of hospital stay were assessed. Results: A total of 32 liver resections were performed in 30 patients, 27 with cancer. The adherence to the program was 78.1% and full recovery on discharge was 75%. The incidence of complications was 12.5%; most of them were not severe but two patients required rehospitalization. Mean length of hospital stay was 3.4 days and 3.6 days when readmissions were considered. Conclusion: The implementation of an ERP after liver resections is feasible and offers advantages in terms of reducing length of hospital stay and hospital costs. We do not think that ERP improves morbidity in these patients.